Necesidad de aprendizaje del médico general sobre Imagenología durante la COVID-19 para su formación laboral / The General Practitioner's Need for Learning Imaginology during COVID-19

Para afrontar la reciente emergencia global por COVID-19, la comunidad científica y los profesionales de la salud en Cuba trabajan constantemente en el desarrollo de nuevos tratamientos y tecnologías que posibiliten el diagnóstico precoz de esta enfermedad, todo ello para facilitar el manejo general de esta pandemia.1) De ahí que se requiere el perfeccionamiento continuo de este proceso en correspondencia con los principios de la medicina, con una formación humanista, científica y con una visión integral de los problemas de salud como elemento esencial que caracteriza la formación de profesionales de la salud en territorio cubano donde la especialidad de Medicina General Integral constituye la principal disciplina integradora de contenidos, para ofrecer una atención preventiva, sistemática y continua al paciente a lo largo del tiempo, donde el médico en formación sea expresión de sus cualidades humanas. Coherente con esto, en 1984 se inició en Cuba la formación de especialistas en Medicina General Integral (MGI). Esta especialidad no tenía antecedentes en el país, por lo cual su propuesta constituye el perfeccionamiento del enfoque social de la medicina, que desde su implantación es la premisa básica del sistema de salud cubano. La formación de estos profesionales ocurre en la propia comunidad, con una alta calidad en los servicios que se brindan a la población.2 Para cumplir con esta función...(AU)

Radiological morphometric study of the hyoid bone using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) scans / Estudio morfométrico radiológico del hueso hioides mediante tomografía computarizada tridimensional (3D-CT)

SUMMARY: Hyoid bone measurements have been proposed to vary between different genders and age groups. The aim of the study is to study hyoid morphometrics among Jordanian patients. 3D-CT scans of 637 patients were analyzed. Ten parameters of hyoid bone were measures, including the anteroposterior length, length of greater horns (right and left), height of greater horns (right and left), width of hyoid body, height of hyoid body, the distance between the midpoints of the posterior ends of the greater horns of the hyoid bone, the angle between right and left greater horns, and the distance of the hyoid bone to the vertebral column. Also, vertebral level, fusion rank, morphology of hyoid body lingula, and shape of hyoid bone were documented. All hyoid dimensions were longer in males, but greater horns angle was wider in females. In patients younger than 30 years, the parameters are the smallest with the widest angle. The distance from hyoid to vertebral column is higher in males (30-49) years of age. No fusion between hyoid body and greater horns was observed in patients younger than 10 years, but fusion (unilateral or bilateral) was found in only 73.2 % of patients ≥ 70 years. The hyoid was mostly at vertebra C3 level and "U" shaped. The lingula shape was mostly "Scar" in males (especially ≥ 50 years) and "Nothing" in females (especially < 50 years). The maximum growth of hyoid dimensions is before age of 30 years. Fusion between hyoid body and greater horns was not seen in patients younger than 10 years. Otherwise, the hyoid features failed to predict age or gender in our sample. Furthermore, 3D-CT scan is an excellent tool to assess the anatomy of head and neck region.

Se ha propuesto que las medidas del hueso hioides varían entre los diferentes sexos y grupos de edad. El objetivo del estudio fur estudiar la morfometría del hueso hioides en pacientes jordanos. Se analizaron tomografías computarizadas en 3D de 637 pacientes. Se midieron diez parámetros del hueso hioides, incluyendo la longitud anteroposterior, la longitud de los cuernos mayores (derecho e izquierdo), la altura de los cuernos mayores (derecho e izquierdo), el ancho del cuerpo hioides, la altura del cuerpo hioides, la distancia entre los puntos medios de los extremos posteriores de los cuernos mayores del hueso hioides, el ángulo entre los cuernos mayores derecho e izquierdo, y la distancia del hueso hioides a la columna vertebral. Además, se documentaron el nivel vertebral, el rango de fusión, la morfología de la língula del cuerpo hioides y la forma del hueso hioides. Todas las dimensiones del hioides fueron más largas en los hombres, pero el mayor ángulo de los cuernos fue más ancho en las mujeres. En pacientes menores de 30 años, los parámetros son los más pequeños con el ángulo más amplio. La distancia del hioides a la columna vertebral es mayor en el sexo masculino (30-49) años. No se observó fusión entre el cuerpo hioides y los cuernos mayores en pacientes menores de 10 años, pero se encontró fusión (unilateral o bilateral) en solo el 73,2 % de los pacientes ≥ 70 años. El hioides estaba mayormente al nivel de la vértebra C3 y en forma de "U". La forma de la língula era mayoritariamente "Cicatriz" en los hombres (especialmente ≥ 50 años) y "Nada" en las mujeres (especialmente < 50 años). El máximo crecimiento de las dimensiones del hioides es antes de los 30 años. La fusión entre el cuerpo hioides y los cuernos mayores no se observó en pacientes menores de 10 años. No obstante, las características del hueso hioides no pudieron predecir la edad o el sexo en nuestra muestra. Además, la tomografía computarizada 3D es una herramienta excelente para evaluar la anatomía de la región de la cabeza y el cuello.

Study on the method of automatically determining maxillary complex landmarks based on non-rigid registration algorithms / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective: To explore an automatic landmarking method for anatomical landmarks in the three-dimensional (3D) data of the maxillary complex and preliminarily evaluate its reproducibility and accuracy. Methods: From June 2021 to December 2022, spiral CT data of 31 patients with relatively normal craniofacial morphology were selected from those who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. The sample included 15 males and 16 females, with the age of (33.3±8.3) years. The maxillary complex was reconstructed in 3D using Mimics software, and the resulting 3D data of the maxillary complex was mesh-refined using Geomagic software. Two attending physicians and one associate chief physician manually landmarked the 31 maxillary complex datasets, determining 24 anatomical landmarks. The average values of the three expert landmarking results were used as the expert-defined landmarks. One case that conformed to the average 3D morphological characteristics of healthy individuals' craniofacial bones was selected as the template data, while the remaining 30 cases were used as target data. The open-source MeshMonk program (a non-rigid registration algorithm) was used to perform an initial alignment of the template and target data based on 4 landmarks (nasion, left and right zygomatic arch prominence, and anterior nasal spine). The template data was then deformed to the shape of the target data using a non-rigid registration algorithm, resulting in the deformed template data. Based on the unchanged index property of homonymous landmarks before and after deformation of the template data, the coordinates of each landmark in the deformed template data were automatically retrieved as the automatic landmarking coordinates of the homonymous landmarks in the target data, thus completing the automatic landmarking process. The automatic landmarking process for the 30 target data was repeated three times. The root-mean-square distance (RMSD) of the dense corresponding point pairs (approximately 25 000 pairs) between the deformed template data and the target data was calculated as the deformation error of the non-rigid registration algorithm, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of the deformation error in the three repetitions was analyzed. The linear distances between the automatic landmarking results and the expert-defined landmarks for the 24 anatomical landmarks were calculated as the automatic landmarking errors, and the ICC values of the 3D coordinates in the three automatic landmarking repetitions were analyzed. Results: The average three-dimensional deviation (RMSD) between the deformed template data and the corresponding target data for the 30 cases was (0.70±0.09) mm, with an ICC value of 1.00 for the deformation error in the three repetitions of the non-rigid registration algorithm. The average automatic landmarking error for the 24 anatomical landmarks was (1.86±0.30) mm, with the smallest error at the anterior nasal spine (0.65±0.24) mm and the largest error at the left oribital (3.27±2.28) mm. The ICC values for the 3D coordinates in the three automatic landmarking repetitions were all 1.00. Conclusions: This study established an automatic landmarking method for three-dimensional data of the maxillary complex based on a non-rigid registration algorithm. The accuracy and repeatability of this method for landmarking normal maxillary complex 3D data were relatively good.

Advances in algorithms for three-dimensional craniomaxillofacial features construction based on point clouds / 中华口腔医学杂志

In light of the increasing digitalization of dentistry, the automatic determination of three-dimensional (3D) craniomaxillofacial features has become a development trend. 3D craniomaxillofacial landmarks and symmetry reference plane determination algorithm based on point clouds has attracted a lot of attention, for point clouds are the basis for virtual surgery design and facial asymmetry analysis, which play a key role in craniomaxillofacial surgery and orthodontic treatment design. Based on the studies of our team and national and international literatures, this article presented the deep geometry learning algorithm to determine landmarks and symmetry reference plane based on 3D craniomaxillofacial point clouds. In order to provide reference for future clinical application, we describe the development and latest research in this field, and analyze and discuss the advantages and limitations of various methods.

Automatic determination of mandibular landmarks based on three-dimensional mandibular average model / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore an efficient and automatic method for determining the anatomical landmarks of three-dimensional(3D) mandibular data, and to preliminarily evaluate the performance of the method.@*METHODS@#The CT data of 40 patients with normal craniofacial morphology were collected (among them, 30 cases were used to establish the 3D mandibular average model, and 10 cases were used as test datasets to validate the performance of this method in determining the mandibular landmarks), and the 3D mandibular data were reconstructed in Mimics software. Among the 40 cases of mandibular data after the 3D reconstruction, 30 cases that were more similar to the mean value of Chinese mandibular features were selected, and the size of the mandibular data of 30 cases was normalized based on the Procrustes analysis algorithm in MATLAB software. Then, in the Geomagic Wrap software, the 3D mandibular average shape model of the above 30 mandibular data was constructed. Through symmetry processing, curvature sampling, index marking and other processing procedures, a 3D mandible structured template with 18 996 semi-landmarks and 19 indexed mandibular anatomical landmarks were constructed. The open source non-rigid registration algorithm program Meshmonk was used to match the 3D mandible template constructed above with the tested patient's 3D mandible data through non-rigid deformation, and 19 anatomical landmark positions of the patient's 3D mandible data were obtained. The accuracy of the research method was evaluated by comparing the distance error of the landmarks manually marked by stomatological experts with the landmarks marked by the method of this research.@*RESULTS@#The method of this study was applied to the data of 10 patients with normal mandibular morphology. The average distance error of 19 landmarks was 1.42 mm, of which the minimum errors were the apex of the coracoid process [right: (1.01±0.44) mm; left: (0.56±0.14) mm] and maximum errors were the anterior edge of the lowest point of anterior ramus [right: (2.52±0.95) mm; left: (2.57±1.10) mm], the average distance error of the midline landmarks was (1.15±0.60) mm, and the average distance error of the bilateral landmarks was (1.51±0.67) mm.@*CONCLUSION@#The automatic determination method of 3D mandibular anatomical landmarks based on 3D mandibular average shape model and non-rigid registration algorithm established in this study can effectively improve the efficiency of automatic labeling of 3D mandibular data features. The automatic determination of anatomical landmarks can basically meet the needs of oral clinical applications, and the labeling effect of deformed mandible data needs to be further tested.

Study on the evaluation of glenoid bone defects by MRI three-dimensional reconstruction / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the feasibility of MRI three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction model in quantifying glenoid bone defect by comparing with CT 3D reconstruction model measurement.@*METHODS@#Forty patients with shoulder anterior dislocation who met the selection criteria between December 2021 and December 2022 were admitted as study participants. There were 34 males and 6 females with an average age of 24.8 years (range, 19-32 years). The injury caused by sports injury in 29 cases and collision injury in 6 cases, and 5 cases had no obvious inducement. The time from injury to admission ranged from 4 to 72 months (mean, 28.5 months). CT and MRI were performed on the patients' shoulder joints, and a semi-automatic segmentation of the images was done with 3D slicer software to construct a glenoid model. The length of the glenoid bone defect was measured on the models by 2 physicians. The intra-group correlation coefficient ( ICC) was used to evaluate the consistency between the 2 physicians, and Bland-Altman plots were constructed to evaluate the consistency between the 2 methods.@*RESULTS@#The length of the glenoid bone defects measured on MRI 3D reconstruction model was (3.83±1.36) mm/4.00 (0.58, 6.13) mm for physician 1 and (3.91±1.20) mm/3.86 (1.39, 5.96) mm for physician 2. The length of the glenoid bone defects measured on CT 3D reconstruction model was (3.81±1.38) mm/3.80 (0.60, 6.02) mm for physician 1 and (3.99±1.19) mm/4.00 (1.68, 6.38) mm for physician 2. ICC and Bland-Altman plot analysis showed good consistency. The ICC between the 2 physicians based on MRI and CT 3D reconstruction model measurements were 0.73 [95% CI (0.54, 0.85)] and 0.80 [95% CI (0.65, 0.89)], respectively. The 95% CI of the difference between the two measurements of physicians 1 and 2 were (-0.46, 0.49) and (-0.68, 0.53), respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The measurement of glenoid bone defect based on MRI 3D reconstruction model is consistent with that based on CT 3D reconstruction model. MRI can be used instead of CT to measure glenoid bone defects in clinic, and the soft tissue of shoulder joint can be observed comprehensively while reducing radiation.

Segmentation of prostate region in magnetic resonance images based on improved V-Net / 生物医学工程学杂志

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is an important tool for prostate cancer diagnosis, and accurate segmentation of MR prostate regions by computer-aided diagnostic techniques is important for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. In this paper, we propose an improved end-to-end three-dimensional image segmentation network using a deep learning approach to the traditional V-Net network (V-Net) network in order to provide more accurate image segmentation results. Firstly, we fused the soft attention mechanism into the traditional V-Net's jump connection, and combined short jump connection and small convolutional kernel to further improve the network segmentation accuracy. Then the prostate region was segmented using the Prostate MR Image Segmentation 2012 (PROMISE 12) challenge dataset, and the model was evaluated using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance (HD). The DSC and HD values of the segmented model could reach 0.903 and 3.912 mm, respectively. The experimental results show that the algorithm in this paper can provide more accurate three-dimensional segmentation results, which can accurately and efficiently segment prostate MR images and provide a reliable basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Multiresolution discrete optimization registration method of ultrasound and magnetic resonance images based on key points / 生物医学工程学杂志

The registration of preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images and intraoperative ultrasound (US) images is very important in the planning of brain tumor surgery and during surgery. Considering that the two-modality images have different intensity range and resolution, and the US images are degraded by lots of speckle noises, a self-similarity context (SSC) descriptor based on local neighborhood information was adopted to define the similarity measure. The ultrasound images were considered as the reference, the corners were extracted as the key points using three-dimensional differential operators, and the dense displacement sampling discrete optimization algorithm was adopted for registration. The whole registration process was divided into two stages including the affine registration and the elastic registration. In the affine registration stage, the image was decomposed using multi-resolution scheme, and in the elastic registration stage, the displacement vectors of key points were regularized using the minimum convolution and mean field reasoning strategies. The registration experiment was performed on the preoperative MR images and intraoperative US images of 22 patients. The overall error after affine registration was (1.57 ± 0.30) mm, and the average computation time of each pair of images was only 1.36 s; while the overall error after elastic registration was further reduced to (1.40 ± 0.28) mm, and the average registration time was 1.53 s. The experimental results show that the proposed method has prominent registration accuracy and high computational efficiency.

3D Bitemark Analysis in Forensic Odontology Utilizing a Smartphone Camera and Open-Source Monoscopic Photogrammetry Surface Scanning

Abstract Bitemark analysis is a challenging procedure in the field of criminal case investigation. The unique characteristics of dentition are used to find the best match between the existing patterned injury and the suspected perpetrator in bitemark identification. Bitemark analysis accuracy can be influenced by various factors, including biting pressure, tooth morphology, skin elasticity, dental cast duplication, timing, and image quality. This review article discusses the potential of a smartphone camera as an alternative method for 3D bitemark analysis. Bitemark evidence on human skin and food should be immediately recorded or duplicated to retrieve long-lasting proof, allowing for a sufficient examination period. Various studies utilizing two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) technologies have been developed to obtain an adequate bitemark analysis. 3D imaging technology provides accurate and precise analysis. However, the currently available method using an intraoral scanner (IOS) requires high-cost specialized equipment and a well-trained operator. The numerous advantages of monoscopic photogrammetry may lead to a novel method of 3D bitemark analysis in forensic odontology. Smartphone cameras and monoscopic photogrammetry methodology could lead to a novel method of 3D bitemark analysis with an efficient cost and readily available equipment.

Odontoma mandibular inusual y su resolución: reporte de un caso / Unusual mandibular odontoma and its resolution: report of a case

Objetivo: El odontoma es una lesión hamartomatosa benigna formada por tejido dentario (cemento, esmalte, pul­ pa). Según su grado de diferenciación podrá ser clasificado en sus dos variantes: compuesto y complejo en una relación 2:1. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un odontoma mixto de gran tamaño de localización mandibular y su resolución quirúrgica. Caso clínico: Se describe el caso de un paciente mascu­ lino de 16 años de edad, portador de ortodoncia, que presenta un odontoma mixto de gran tamaño de localización mandibular y su resolución quirúrgica utilizando planificación 3D y confección de placa de titanio customizada (AU)

Aim: Odontoma is a benign hamartomatous lesion formed by dental tissue (cementum, enamel, pulp). According to its degree of differentiation, it can be classified in its two variants: compound and complex in a 2:1 ratio. The objective of this article is to present a large mixed odontoma of mandi­ bular location and its surgical resolution. Clinical case: A 16-year-old male patient with ortho­ dontics, who presents a large mixed odontoma with mandibu­ lar location and its surgical resolution using 3D planning and customized titanium plate fabrication (AU)

MouseVenue3D: A Markerless Three-Dimension Behavioral Tracking System for Matching Two-Photon Brain Imaging in Free-Moving Mice / 神经科学通报·英文版

Understanding the connection between brain and behavior in animals requires precise monitoring of their behaviors in three-dimensional (3-D) space. However, there is no available three-dimensional behavior capture system that focuses on rodents. Here, we present MouseVenue3D, an automated and low-cost system for the efficient capture of 3-D skeleton trajectories in markerless rodents. We improved the most time-consuming step in 3-D behavior capturing by developing an automatic calibration module. Then, we validated this process in behavior recognition tasks, and showed that 3-D behavioral data achieved higher accuracy than 2-D data. Subsequently, MouseVenue3D was combined with fast high-resolution miniature two-photon microscopy for synchronous neural recording and behavioral tracking in the freely-moving mouse. Finally, we successfully decoded spontaneous neuronal activity from the 3-D behavior of mice. Our findings reveal that subtle, spontaneous behavior modules are strongly correlated with spontaneous neuronal activity patterns.

Preliminary study on the method of automatically determining facial landmarks based on three-dimensional face template / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective: To explore the establishment of an efficient and automatic method to determine anatomical landmarks in three-dimensional (3D) facial data, and to evaluate the effectiveness of this method in determining landmarks. Methods: A total of 30 male patients with tooth defect or dentition defect (with good facial symmetry) who visited the Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from June to August 2021 were selected, and these participants' age was between 18-45 years. 3D facial data of patients was collected and the size normalization and overlap alignment were performed based on the Procrustes analysis algorithm. A 3D face average model was built in Geomagic Studio 2013 software, and a 3D face template was built through parametric processing. MeshLab 2020 software was used to determine the serial number information of 32 facial anatomical landmarks (10 midline landmarks and 22 bilateral landmarks). Five male patients with no mandibular deviation and 5 with mild mandibular deviation were selected from the Department of Orthodontics or Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from June to August 2021. 3D facial data of patients was collected as test data. Based on the 3D face template and the serial number information of the facial anatomical landmarks, the coordinates of 32 facial anatomical landmarks on the test data were automatically determined with the help of the MeshMonk non-rigid registration algorithm program, as the data for the template method to determine the landmarks. The positions of 32 facial anatomical landmarks on the test data were manually determined by the same attending physician, and the coordinates of the landmarks were recorded as the data for determining landmarks by the expert method. Calculated the distance value of the coordinates of facial anatomical landmarks between the template method and the expert method, as the landmark localization error, and evaluated the effect of the template method in determining the landmarks. Results: For 5 patients with no mandibular deviation, the landmark localization error of all facial anatomical landmarks by template method was (1.65±1.19) mm, the landmark localization error of the midline facial anatomical landmarks was (1.19±0.45) mm, the landmark localization error of bilateral facial anatomical landmarks was (1.85±1.33) mm. For 5 patients with mild mandibular deviation, the landmark localization error of all facial anatomical landmarks by template method was (2.55±2.22) mm, the landmark localization error of the midline facial anatomical landmarks was (1.85±1.13) mm, the landmark localization error of bilateral facial anatomical landmarks was (2.87±2.45) mm. Conclusions: The automatic determination method of facial anatomical landmarks proposed in this study has certain feasibility, and the determination effect of midline facial anatomical landmarks is better than that of bilateral facial anatomical landmarks. The effect of determining facial anatomical landmarks in patients without mandibular deviation is better than that in patients with mild mandibular deviation.

Correlation analysis of 3D-FLAIR MRI characteristics of the inner ear and vestibular function in the patients with vestibular neuritis / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: The characteristics of 3D-FLAIR MRI images of the inner ear of patients with vestibular neuritis were preliminarily studied to explore the possible pathogenesis of vestibular neuritis, and the correlation analysis was conducted in combination with vestibular function to provide a basis for accurate diagnosis of vestibular neuritis. Methods: A total of 36 patients with vestibular neuritis (VN) from December 2019 to October 2020 were collected from the Vertigo Department of Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University. There were 36 cases (18 females, 18 males) with unilateral acute vestibular neuritis, 17 cases of left ear and 19 cases of right ear. According to the results of 3D-FLAIR MRI in the inner ears, the patients were divided into the enhanced group and the non-enhanced group (the health side served as the normal control group). The results of vestibular function examination in the two groups were compared. SPSS19.0 software was used for statistical processing to analyze the relationship between the vestibular function and the characteristics of 3D-FLAIR imaging in the inner ears. Results: Abnormal enhancement of 3D-FLAIR was found in 31 cases (86.1%) of the 36 cases, including 14 cases of both vestibular nerve and vestibular terminal organ enhancement, eight cases of superior vestibular nerve enhancement alone, seven cases of vestibular terminal organ enhancement alone, and two cases of cochlear enhancement alone. Observation of abnormal reinforcement of vestibular nerve showed: twenty-one cases of superior vestibular nerve reinforcement, one case of superior and inferior vestibular nerve reinforcement. No abnormalities were found in 3D-FLAIR of inner ear in 5 cases. According to the analysis of vestibular function results, there were 19 cases (52.8%) with total vestibular involvement, sixteen cases (44.4%) with superior vestibular involvement alone, and one case (2.8%) with inferior vestibular involvement alone. Comparison of vestibular function between the five cases (non-enhancement group) and the 31 cases (enhanced group) in the 3D-FLAIR group of the inner ears showed that the CP values of caloric tests in the enhanced group were higher (60.81±3.49 vs 34.12±7.37), with statistically significant difference (t=-2.898, P<0.01). Conclusion: In patients with vestibular neuritis, 3D-FLAIR MRI scan of the inner ear provides visual imaging evidence for clinical practice, considering that the lesion site of vestibular neuritis is not only in the vestibular nerve, but also in the vestibular end organ. Patients with 3D-FLAIR enhanced in the inner ear may have more significant vestibular function damage.

Medical image instance segmentation: from candidate region to no candidate region / 生物医学工程学杂志

In recent years, the task of object detection and segmentation in medical image is the research hotspot and difficulty in the field of image processing. Instance segmentation provides instance-level labels for different objects belonging to the same class, so it is widely used in the field of medical image processing. In this paper, medical image instance segmentation was summarized from the following aspects: First, the basic principle of instance segmentation was described, the instance segmentation models were classified into three categories, the development context of the instance segmentation algorithm was displayed in two-dimensional space, and six classic model diagrams of instance segmentation were given. Second, from the perspective of the three models of two-stage instance segmentation, single-stage instance segmentation and three-dimensional (3D) instance segmentation, we summarized the ideas of the three types of models, discussed the advantages and disadvantages, and sorted out the latest developments. Third, the application status of instance segmentation in six medical images such as colon tissue image, cervical image, bone imaging image, pathological section image of gastric cancer, computed tomography (CT) image of lung nodule and X-ray image of breast was summarized. Fourth, the main challenges in the field of medical image instance segmentation were discussed and the future development direction was prospected. In this paper, the principle, models and characteristics of instance segmentation are systematically summarized, as well as the application of instance segmentation in the field of medical image processing, which is of positive guiding significance to the study of instance segmentation.

Evaluation of three-dimensional high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis / Evaluación de resonancia magnética tridimensional de alta resolución en el diagnóstico de la estenosis aterosclerótica intracraneal

SUMMARY: Intracranial artery stenosis (ICAS) was one of the main causes of ischemic stroke onset and recurrence. About 30 % of strokes were caused by intracranial artery stenosis. Intracranial artery stenosis had a high incidence in China and faced a high risk of recurrence for a long time. It affected patient safety and quality of life seriously. At the same time, it caused a heavy financial burden for the patient´s family. Therefore, early detection and accuracy of intracranial artery stenosis evaluation were extremely important. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) had been widely used in clinical examinations, making up for the shortcomings of traditional vascular imaging methods that could only show the degree of luminal stenosis, making it possible to perform lumens, tube wall and plaque features of atherosclerotic intracranial arteries at the same time. There were still some controversies about the credibility of this technique in assessing the intracranial artery lumen stenosis. This article reviewed the application efficacy of HR-MRI technology in evaluating the degree of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis.

RESUMEN: La estenosis de arterias intracraneales (ICAS) es una de las principales causas del ictus isquémico, como así también de su recurrencia. Alrededor del 30 % de los ataques cerebrovasculares son causados por estenosis de la arteria intracraneal. La estenosis de arterias intracraneales tiene una alta incidencia en China y enfrenta un alto riesgo de recurrencia, afectando gravemente la seguridad y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Al mismo tiempo, supone una importante carga financiera para la familia de los pacientes. Por lo tanto, la detección temprana y la precisión de la evaluación de la estenosis de arterias intracraneales es extremadamente importante. La resonancia magnética de alta resolución (HR-MRI, por sus siglas en inglés) es utilizada ampliamente en los exámenes clínicos, compensando las deficiencias de los métodos tradicionales de imágenes vasculares que solo pueden mostrar el grado de estenosis luminal, haciendo posible el estudio de las características del lumen, pared vascular y la placa ateroesclerótica, de las arterias intracraneales afectadas, al mismo tiempo. Aún existen algunas controversias sobre la credibilidad de esta técnica en la evaluación de la estenosis del lumen de arterias intracraneales. En este artículo se revisó la eficacia de la aplicación de la tecnología HR-MRI para evaluar el grado de estenosis aterosclerótica intracraneal.

Ecocardiografia sob estresse usando imagem tridimensional em tempo real / Stress echocardiography using real-time 3d imaging

A necessidade de examinar o coração com uma ferramenta tridimensional não é nova na ecocardiografia. O órgão complexo e dinâmico em estudo sempre exigiu o entendimento em três dimensões e em tempo real. Sem o recurso, o examinador precisa transformar as imagens em bidimensional para uma compreensão de volume que exige complexa interação de conhecimentos e aproximações. A invenção da tridimensão já contabiliza três décadas, e seu aprimoramento levou a produtos comerciais no início do século. Estudos demonstram, no mínimo, equivalência da tridimensão com ganhos no manuseio do tempo necessário. Utilizamos as modalidades Tri Plano na rotina com ganho de tempo e menor estresse do membro superior do examinador. A tridimensão pode responder perguntas mais complexas e auxilia em nossa abordagem mais geométrica da contração, sendo o espessamento analisado em segundo plano.(AU)

The need to examine the heart using a three-dimensional (3D) tool is not new. This complex and dynamic organ has always required 3D and real-time understanding. Without this feature, the examiner has to transform two-dimensional images to understand its volume, which requires complex knowledge and approximation interactions. Echocardiography was invented three decades ago, and its improvements resulted in commercial products at the beginning of the century. Some studies demonstrate 3D equivalence with gains in handling the necessary time. We use triplane modalities in our routine, with time gain and less stress on the examiner's upper limb. Thus, 3D examinations can answer more complex questions and provide a more geometric approach to contraction, with thickening being analyzed in the background. (AU)

Estudio microtomográfico de la porosidad en la cementación de postes de fibra / Microtomographic study of the porosity in the cementation of fiber posts

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar con microto-mografía los poros existentes entre el cemento de resina, poste de fibra y paredes del conducto en los distintos tercios radiculares en premolares inferio-res. Se utilizaron 15 premolares inferiores unirra-diculares humanos recientemente extraídos. Se les realizó el tratamiento endodóntico, y se obturó con conos de gutapercha y cemento endodóntico a base de resina. Una vez desobturados se procedió a la ce-mentación de los postes. Cada muestra se posicionó en un accesorio personalizado y se escaneó utilizan-do un Microtomógrafo. Con el software CTAn v.1.12 (Bruker-microCT) se analizaron las microtomografías para obtener el volumen de interés (VOI) que permi-tió calcular el área de superficie (mm2) y volumen de cada poro (mm3) entre la dentina y el poste a nivel co-ronal, medio y apical. Los datos fueron analizados me-diante las pruebas estadísticas de Friedman o ANOVA de medidas repetidas. El volumen de los poros entre los tres tercios radiculares mediante la prueba de Friedman, encontró una diferencia global significativa (F = 30,00; p < 0,05). El tercio en donde los poros presentaron un mayor volumen (mm3) fue el tercio coronal (mediana: 0,29250), seguido por los tercios medio (mediana: 0,03200), y apical (mediana: 0,00140). La comparación de la superficie de los poros entre los 3 tercios brindó un resultado análogo al de la comparación del volumen. La mayor superficie (mm2) correspondió al tercio coronal (media ± DE = 1,66377 ± 0,27175), seguido por los tercios medio (media ± DE = 1,16210 ± 0,20343) y apical (media ± DE = 0,41074 ± 0,12641). La microtomografía permitió realizar un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de los poros en toda la muestra, sin deterioro de la misma. Se puede concluir que el tercio coronal presenta más poros que el tercio apical con la técnica de cementación utilizada. En cuanto a la superficie y volumen de los poros, los resultados encontrados son similares a los reporta-dos por diversos autores (AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate with microtomography the existing pores between the resin cement, fiber post and canal walls in the different in thirds of the canal, in single-root lower premolars. Fifteen recently extracted human single root lower premolars were used, endodontically treated, and filled with gutta-percha cones and resin-based endodontic cement. Once unfilled, the posts were cemented. Each sample was positioned on a custom fixture and scanned using a Microtomograph. Each sample was evaluated using CTAn v.1.12 software (Bruker-microCT) to obtain the surface area (mm2), volume of interest (mm3) of each pore between dentin and post at the coronal, middle and apical levels. Data were analyzed using Friedman's tests or repeated measures ANOVA. The volume of the pores between the three root thirds using the Friedman test, a significant global difference was found (F = 30.00; p < 0.05). The third in which the pores presented a greater volume (mm3) was the coronal third (means: 0.29250), followed by the middle (means: 0.03200) and apical (means: 0.00140) thirds. The comparison of the pore surface between the 3 thirds gave an analogous result to that of the volume comparison. The largest surface area (mm2) corresponded to the coronal third (mean ± SD 1.66377 ± 0.27175), followed by the middle (mean ± 1.16210 ± 0.20343) and apical (mean ± 0.41074 ± 0.12641) thirds.Microtomography allowed a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the pores in the entire sample without deterioration. It can be concluded that the coronal third has more pores than the apical third with the cementation technique used. Regarding the surface and volume of the pores, the results found are similar to those reported by various authors (AU)

Simultaneous Cranioplasty and External Ventricular Drain Implantation in Patients with Hydrocephalus: Case Series and Literature Review

Introduction The increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) is a neurological complication resulting from numerous pathologies that affect the brain and its compartments. Therefore, decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an alternative adopted to reduce ICP in emergencies, especially in cases refractory to clinical therapies, in favor of patient survival. However, DC is associated with several complications, including hydrocephalus (HC). The present study presents the results of an unusual intervention to this complication: the implantation of an external ventricular drain (EVD) in the intraoperative period of cranioplasty (CP). Methods Patients of both genders who presented with HC and externalization of the brain through the cranial vault after decompressive hemicraniectomy and underwent EVD implantation, to allow the CP procedure, in the same surgical procedure, were included. Results Five patients underwent DC due to a refractory increase in ICP, due to automobile accidents, firearm projectiles, falls from stairs, and ischemic strokes. All evolved with HC. There was no uniform time interval between DC and CP. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was drained according to the need for correction of cerebral herniation in each patient, before undergoing cranioplasty. All patients progressed well, without neurological deficits in the immediate postoperative period. Conclusion There are still several uncertainties about the management of HC resulting from DC. In this context, other CP strategies simultaneous to the drainage of CSF, not necessarily related to ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS), should be considered and evaluated more deeply, in view of the verification of efficacy in procedures of this scope, such as the EVD addressed in this study.

Computed tomography medical image analysis of basketball players' bone geometry / Análise de imagens médicas por tomografia computadorizada da geometria óssea de jogadores de basquete / Análisis de imágenes médicas por tomografía computarizada de la geometría ósea de jugadores de baloncesto

ABSTRACT Introduction: Basketball sports will effect on the morphology and structure of the hand bones and joints. Objective: The article selected nine professional basketball players (basketball group) and 11 non-basketball players (control group) in the provincial youth team. A 64-row spiral computed tomography scan was used to scan the wrist and three-dimensional reconstruction. The volume of each carpal bone and the computed tomography value (bone density) were measured. Methods: To explore the influence of basketball sports on the hand bones and joints' morphological structure, the paper analyzes the structural characteristics of the computed tomography images of young male basketball players' wrist bones. Results: Compared with the carpal bones in the control group, the volume of the right navicular bone and the small polygonal bone, the left-hand navicular bone, the large triangular bone, and the small polygonal bone in the basketball group increased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusions: Basketball can increase the volume of the part of the wrist bones of adolescent male athletes and reduce the bone density; the morphological structure of the non-smashing wrist bones of basketball players has similar changes to that of the spikers. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: O basquetebol afetará a morfologia e a estrutura dos ossos e articulações da mão. Objetivo: o artigo selecionou nove jogadores profissionais de basquete (grupo de basquete) e 11 não jogadores de basquete (grupo de controle) da equipe juvenil da província. Uma tomografia computadorizada espiral de 64 linhas foi usada para digitalizar o punho e a reconstrução tridimensional. O volume de cada osso do carpo e o valor da tomografia computadorizada (densidade óssea) foram medidos. Métodos: Para explorar a influência dos esportes de basquete sobre os ossos da mão e a estrutura morfológica das articulações, o artigo analisa as características estruturais das imagens de tomografia computadorizada de ossos do punho de jovens jogadores de basquete do sexo masculino. Resultados: Em comparação com os ossos do carpo no grupo de controle, o volume do osso navicular direito e o osso poligonal pequeno, o osso navicular esquerdo, o osso triangular grande e o osso poligonal pequeno no grupo de basquete aumentaram significativamente (P <0,05). Conclusões: O basquete pode aumentar o volume dos ossos do punho de atletas adolescentes do sexo masculino e reduzir a densidade óssea; a estrutura morfológica dos ossos do pulso que não se quebram em jogadores de basquete tem mudanças semelhantes às dos espigões. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: el baloncesto afectará la morfología y la estructura de los huesos y articulaciones de la mano. Objetivo: El artículo seleccionó nueve jugadores de baloncesto profesionales (grupo de baloncesto) y 11 jugadores no baloncesto (grupo de control) en el equipo juvenil provincial. Se utilizó una tomografía computarizada en espiral de 64 filas para escanear la muñeca y la reconstrucción tridimensional. Se midieron el volumen de cada hueso del carpo y el valor de la tomografía computarizada (densidad ósea). Métodos: Para explorar la influencia de los deportes de baloncesto en la estructura morfológica de los huesos de la mano y las articulaciones, el artículo analiza las características estructurales de las imágenes de tomografía computarizada de los huesos de la muñeca de los jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto. Resultados: En comparación con los huesos del carpo en el grupo de control, el volumen del hueso navicular derecho y el hueso poligonal pequeño, el hueso navicular izquierdo, el hueso triangular grande y el hueso poligonal pequeño en el grupo de baloncesto aumentaron significativamente (P <0,05). Conclusiones: El baloncesto puede aumentar el volumen de los huesos de la muñeca de los deportistas varones adolescentes y reducir la densidad ósea; la estructura morfológica de los huesos de las muñecas que no se rompen de los jugadores de baloncesto tiene cambios similares a los de los atacantes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos- investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Application of 3d analysis technology of vision system image in sports medicine / Aplicação da tecnologia de análise 3d de imagens do sistema de visão na medicina esportiva / Aplicación de la tecnología de análisis 3d de la imagen del sistema de visión en medicina deportiva

ABSTRACT Background: Objective: The study of sports biomechanics in sports medicine usually requires a special image analysis system (software) to obtain 3D kinematics data. Taking the swimming project in sports medicine as an example, 3D water images in water have always been relatively complicated and difficult. As light travels in different media, it will refract and reflect. When testing underwater movements, if only a land camera or an underwater camera is used for testing, the error caused by light refraction will be larger, which will affect the accuracy of the test data even more. Methods: Taking breaststroke movement as an example, a three-dimensional measurement method based on the Kwon3D movement analysis system is introduced. This method is different from the simple underwater camera test. It is a three-dimensional test method combining a land camera and an underwater camera. Two underwater cameras and two land cameras were used to simultaneously calibrate the water and underwater space with the same calibration frame in the experiment after analyzing and verifying the accuracy of 3D reconstruction. Results: The comprehensive reconstruction error is small, and the average relative error is less than 1%. Conclusions: The application of three-dimensional image analysis technology of vision systems in sports medicine is reasonable and worth promoting. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Antecedente: Objetivo: O estudo da biomecânica do esporte na medicina esportiva geralmente requer o uso de um sistema especial de análise de imagens (software) para a obtenção de dados cinemáticos 3D. Tomando o projeto de natação na medicina esportiva como exemplo, a análise de imagens 3D da água na água sempre foi um teste relativamente complicado e difícil. À medida que a luz viaja em diferentes meios, ela refratará e refletirá. Ao testar movimentos subaquáticos, se apenas uma câmera terrestre ou subaquática for usada para o teste, o erro causado pela refração da luz será maior, o que afetará a precisão dos dados de teste ainda mais. Métodos: Tomando o movimento de nado peito como exemplo, um método de medição tridimensional baseado no sistema de análise de movimento Kwon3D é introduzido. Este método é diferente do teste simples de câmera subaquática. É um método de teste tridimensional que combina uma câmera terrestre e uma câmera subaquática. No experimento, duas câmeras subaquáticas e duas câmeras terrestres foram usadas para calibrar simultaneamente a água e o espaço subaquático com o mesmo quadro de calibração. Depois de analisar e verificar a precisão da reconstrução 3D. Resultados: O erro de reconstrução abrangente é pequeno e o erro relativo médio é inferior a 1% Conclusões: A aplicação da tecnologia de análise de imagem tridimensional do sistema de visão na medicina esportiva é razoável e vale a pena promover. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Antecedente: Objetivo: El estudio de la biomecánica del deporte en la medicina deportiva generalmente requiere el uso de un sistema de análisis de imágenes especial (software) para obtener datos de cinemática 3D. Tomando como ejemplo el proyecto de natación en medicina deportiva, el análisis de imágenes de agua en 3D en el agua siempre ha sido una prueba relativamente complicada y difícil. A medida que la luz viaja en diferentes medios, se refractará y reflejará. Al probar los movimientos bajo el agua, si solo se utiliza una cámara terrestre o una cámara submarina para realizar la prueba, el error causado por la refracción de la luz será mayor, lo que afectará aún más la precisión de los datos de la prueba. Métodos: tomando como ejemplo el movimiento de la brazada, se introduce un método de medición tridimensional basado en el sistema de análisis de movimiento Kwon3D. Este método es diferente de la simple prueba de cámara subacuática. Es un método de prueba tridimensional que combina una cámara terrestre y una cámara submarina. En el experimento, se utilizaron dos cámaras submarinas y dos cámaras terrestres para calibrar simultáneamente el agua y el espacio submarino con el mismo marco de calibración. Después de analizar y verificar la precisión de la reconstrucción 3D. Resultados: el error de reconstrucción integral es pequeño y el error relativo promedio es inferior al 1%. Conclusiones: La aplicación de la tecnología de análisis de imágenes tridimensionales del sistema de visión en la medicina deportiva es razonable y vale la pena promoverla. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos- investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.